How long has d3 been in development

Vitamin D supplementation and total mortality: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Chapter 7. Vitamin D. Dietary supplement fact sheet: Vitamin D. Nair S. Symptoms of low vitamin D levels. Moyad MA. Vitamin D: A rapid review: Side effects and toxicity. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: Results of a randomized trial.

Am J Clin Nutr. J Natl Cancer Inst. A prospective nested case-control study of vitamin D status and pancreatic cancer risk in male smokers. Cancer Res. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease. Heaney RP. Functional indices of vitamin D status and ramifications of vitamin D deficiency.

Redefining vitamin D insufficiency. Calcium absorption varies within the reference range for serum hydroxyvitamin D. J Am Coll Nutr. Vitamin D insufficiency: Disease or no disease? J Bone Miner Res. Severe vitamin D deficiency in Swiss hip fracture patients. Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Vitamin D and bone mineral density status of healthy schoolchildren in northern India. Nutritional rickets around the world: Causes and future directions. Ann Trop Paediatr.

Vitamin D requirements during lactation: High-dose maternal supplementation as therapy to prevent hypovitaminosis D for both the mother and the nursing infant. Vitamin D deficiency in a healthy group of mothers and newborn infants. Clin Pediatr Phila ; 46 —4. High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in black and white pregnant women residing in the northern United States and their neonates. J Nutr. Addressing the health benefits and risks, involving vitamin D or skin cancer, of increased sun exposure.

Hollis BW. Circulating hydroxyvitaminDlevels indicative of vitamin D sufficiency: Implications for establishing a new effective dietary intake recommendation for vitamin D. The effect of sun exposure on hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in young healthy subjects living in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Braz J Med Biol Res. Vitamin D status and its adequacy in healthy Danish peri-menopausal women: Relationships to dietary intake, sun exposure and serum parathyroid hormone. Br J Nutr.

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Am J Hypertens. You can learn many things about Molar Hypomin throughout this website but a good place to start is here. The picture shows a bad case of chalky molar in a 6-year-old. Fluorosis or more properly "Dental Fluorosis" refers to the speckled white patches you often see on people's front teeth. Fortunately, most cases of fluorosis in our part of the world are mild and not of dental concern, particularly when the protective "anti-decay" benefits of fluoride are considered.

However, as our picture shows, there is potential for worse types of fluorosis that exhibit pitted, discoloured enamel — these arise from excessive ingestion of fluoride when the teeth are developing. So that's why there are such strong guidelines about watching how much toothpaste your infants use. Learn more about dental fluorosis here.

Surface pits or grooves technically referred to as "Enamel Hypoplasia" are isolated depressions in the enamel surface. Although quite common they generally don't cause dental concern. But sometimes these pits can trap food and plaque bringing increased risk for decay.

The origins of pits and grooves can be traced back to early development of the tooth, when the cells that make enamel get it wrong — instead of producing a nice thick layer of smooth enamel, they can leave gaps here and there which later get solidified as pits when the enamel hardens. The picture shows a really bad case with multiple pits, grooves and other serious deviations from the normally smooth enamel surface.

AI is short for "Amelogenesis Imperfecta" meaning imperfect enamel formation and is the worst type of D3 because all teeth are affected usually — but fortunately for most of us, AI is quite rare. Cell lines are not used to produce vaccine viruses. Researchers can grow human pathogens like viruses in cell strains to attenuate them — that is, to weaken them. One way viruses are adapted for use in vaccines is to alter them so that they are no longer able to grow well in the human body.

This may be done, for example, by repeatedly growing the virus in a human cell strain kept at a lower temperature than normal body temperature. In order to keep replicating, the virus adapts to become better at growing at the lower temperature, thus losing its original ability to grow well and cause disease at normal body temperatures.

The first licensed vaccine made with the use of a human cell strain was the adenovirus vaccine used by the military in the late s. Later, other vaccines were developed in human cell strains, most notably the rubella vaccine developed by Stanley Plotkin, MD, at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia. In , Australian ophthalmologist Norman Gregg first realized that congenital cataracts in babies were the result of their mothers being infected with rubella during pregnancy.

Along with cataracts, it was eventually determined that congenital rubella syndrome CRS could also cause deafness, heart disease, encephalitis, mental retardation, and pneumonia, among many other conditions.

In some cases, women who were infected with rubella while pregnant terminated their pregnancies due to the serious risks from CRS. Following one such abortion, the fetus was sent to Plotkin at the laboratory he had devoted to rubella research. Testing the kidney of the fetus, Plotkin found and isolated the rubella virus. Separately, Leonard Hayflick also working at the Wistar Institute at that time developed a cell strain called WI using lung cells from an aborted fetus.

Hayflick found that many viruses, including rubella, grew well in the WI, and he showed that it proved to be free of contaminants and safe to use for human vaccines.

He chose the low temperature approach following previous experiences with attenuating poliovirus. After the virus had been grown through the cells 25 times at the lower temperature, it was no longer able to replicate enough to cause illness in a living person, but was still able to provoke a protective immune response. The rubella vaccine developed with WI is still used throughout much of the world today as part of the combined MMR measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine.

Food and Drug Administration in favor of rubella vaccines developed using duck embryo cells and dog kidney cells. In the late s, there was concern in the country that a vaccine developed using human cells could be contaminated with other pathogens, though this concern was not supported by documented evidence.

This is interesting in light of the discovery earlier in the decade that polio vaccines developed using primary monkey kidney cells were contaminated with simian viruses: this was one of the reasons researchers began using the normal human cell strain WI in the first place. According to Hayflick, however, the main reason for using WI was the fact that it could be stored in liquid nitrogen, reconstituted, and tested thoroughly before use for contaminating viruses.

None has ever been found in WI Primary monkey kidney cells could not be frozen and then reconstituted for testing as this would violate the concept of primary cells--originally the only class of cells allowed by the FDA to produce human virus vaccines. In the CDC declared rubella eliminated from the United States, though the threat from imported cases remains.

The World Health Organization declared the Americas free from rubella in Because of its position on abortion, some members of the Catholic Church asked for its moral guidance on the use of vaccines developed using cell strains started with human fetal cells. This includes the vaccine against rubella as well as those against chickenpox and hepatitis A, and some other vaccines. The official position according to the National Catholic Bioethics Center is that individuals should, when possible, use vaccines not developed with the use of these human cell strains.

However, in the case where the only vaccine available against a particular disease was developed using this approach, the NCBC notes:. One is morally free to use the vaccine regardless of its historical association with abortion. The reason is that the risk to public health, if one chooses not to vaccinate, outweighs the legitimate concern about the origins of the vaccine.

This is especially important for parents, who have a moral obligation to protect the life and health of their children and those around them. The NCBC does note that Catholics should encourage pharmaceutical companies to develop future vaccines without the use of these cell strains.

To address concerns about fetal cells remaining as actual ingredients of the vaccines, however, they specifically note that fetal cells were used only to begin the cell strains that were used in the preparation of the vaccine virus:. Descendant cells are the medium in which these vaccines are prepared. The cell lines under consideration were begun using cells taken from one or more fetuses aborted almost 40 years ago.

Since that time the cell lines have grown independently. It is important to note that descendant cells are not the cells of the aborted child.

They never, themselves, formed a part of the victim's body. In total only two fetuses, both obtained from abortions done by maternal choice, have given rise to the human cell strains used in vaccine development.

Neither abortion was performed for the purpose of vaccine development. Two main human cell strains have been used to develop currently available vaccines, in each case with the original fetal cells in question obtained in the s. It should be noted that Hayflick's methods involved establishing a huge bank of WI and MRC-5 cells that, while not capable of infinitely replicating like immortal cell lines, will serve vaccine production needs for several decades in the future.

Researchers have estimated that vaccines made in WI and its derivatives have prevented nearly 11 million deaths and prevented or treated, in the example of rabies 4. Several vaccines currently available in the United States were developed using animal cell strains, primarily using cells from African green monkeys.

These include vaccines against Japanese encephalitis, rotavirus, polio, and smallpox. Of these, only rotavirus and polio vaccines are routinely given. Alberts, B. Molecular Biology of the Cell. New York: Garland Science; Barr Labs. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Elimination of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome--United States, MMWR Morb.

Package Insert — Havrix. Hayflick, L. The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains. Experimental Cell Research. Personal correspondence.

April Preparation of poliovirus vaccines in a human fetal diploid cell strain.