What is the difference between civics and ethics

Questions such as these were at the heart of philosophical debates in China Daniel Shapiro. How should we understand conflict in our own lives and in the world around us? At all levels of society, people tend to approach conflict as an adversarial battle—communities polarize, ethnopolitical groups clash, and nations and international institutions face daily political tensions Elaine Scarry.

Consent will be studied in four domains: Part I-the relation of consent and the body in marriage, in medicine, and in state citizenship; Part II — the act of consent and dissent in war beginning with the dissent of Achilles in the Iliad and including readings up to the present ; Part III — freedom of movement, freedom of entry and exit in citizenship including contexts where right of movement has been denied ; Part IV — consent as the basis of cultural creation Read more about Consent Gen Ed Arthur Applbaum.

When, if ever, are citizens in a democracy justified in breaking the law to protest or resist what they believe to be bad, unjust, or illegitimate laws or policies? Mathias Risse.

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What we do expect schools to accomplish? Lucas Stanczyk. How should governments respond to the problem of climate change? What should happen to the level of greenhouse gas emissions and how quickly? How much can the present generation be expected to sacrifice to improve conditions for future generations? Joshua D. First, we ask: What is morality?

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From my own perspective, I feel it behooving upon decisions based on Law, to acknowledge that a different outcome may occur if Moral Principles or Ethical Principles were applied to the decision process. This acknowledgement would serve to appease those aggrieved by the legal decision.

I think your distinction between moral and ethics is contrived. The only real difference is that ethics comes from Ancient Greek language, and morals is Latin. It is true that Romans were law oriented and the Greeks came at the same question from the point of view of decision making. But both rely on objective values. You only have to read Plato and Aristotle and compare that with the likes of Cicero to see that both words are, bottom line, about what is the good to be done and the evil to be eschewed.

Is morality outdated? Certainly not nor will it ever be so. One can readily observe the fluid aspects of politically correct mandates or on the other hand the degrees of tolerance for libertarians.

Morality is nothing more that the customs of behavior for a particular culture, it can a does change frequently without formal consensus. Ethics are codified behavior that is only applied to a subset of society or to an individual.

The usage of this word unfortunately is also applied to behavior that is not codified on one hand or where a formal system of justice is employed. It is confusing when the term ethics is stretched to include all forms of right and wrong. Peer groups establish and modify their ethics code, in general it is not hierarchical. Law is the written obligation on a society, it can only be changed in a manner allowed by other laws or contracts. Law is hierarchical and usually requires obeisance towards appointed administers.

Holy law is hierarchical for example the Ten Commandments are obligations written by God and should not be confused with ethics or morality. There are many divisions of law; civil, criminal, common, statute among others. One simple way to organizing the perception of law is into categories of positive and negative. Negative law obligates people on what they are not allowed to do; everything outside of that restriction is permissible. Positive law obligates people on what they must do, if they fail to perform specific things they have violated the law.

Also in the defined restrictive areas of positive law nothing is permissible until it is made lawful. Privilege is a form of positive law. I think that morality is not outdated. As the times and people change, their beliefs, values, and principles change with them.

But there are also those, who stay the same and their beliefs could be harmful for them or the people around them as there is a difference between how people live now and how they lived in the past.

There are a lot of rapes and murderers that are above the law because of the high state of a villain, and normal mortals that want justice are victims. This is why morals will stay because the law is wrong. In my opinion, morality is certainly not outdated. It helps people to operate in daily life. Morality prevents from making inhuman decisions and people destroying each other.

Of course, it is various for every culture, country, religion but the main point of it is to not hurt others and be the best version of yourself.

Humans learn from their mistakes, from history and thanks to that they can refine the moral code. In my opinion morality is not outdated and never will be. The environment has always influenced our views, is influencing and will influence.

It is inherent part of our society. When our ethical behaviour is personal, then morality is like public and common rules in our society. I stand for the fact that morality is the law our minds follow. To develop the culture of democracy: tolerance, cooperation and compromise. To create well informed, conscious, responsive and active participant citizens.

To make citizens think rationally and critically. To make citizens responsive to patriotism. To develop the capacity of citizens to make sound judgment. In the ancient Greece a citizen was a person who lives in a town or city. In ancient Greece people and the state had weak relationship. The people had needed little protection from the state and the state gained little from the people. But as society developed and the population increased people needed more protection from the state and this consolidated the relation between the state and people.

The link between the people and the state is called citizenship. Addis Ababa University CvEt Civics and Ethical Education 4 Citizen is a person who has certain rights and privileges in a country and who is expected to render services and to discharge duties.

A citizen is an individual who is legally recognized member of a given state. A Citizen could be a native of a country or is not born but naturalized to that country. A citizen exercises certain rights and privileges which cannot be enjoyed by foreigners. A citizen has duties and obligations towards the state that it has protected, nurtured and cared for. A citizen has rights to claims against the state.

A citizen is a member of political community who is endowed with a set of rights and a set of obligations. Citizenship is an official recognition of the individual to integrate into the political system.

It represents a relationship between the individual and the state in which the two are bounded together by reciprocal rights and obligations. National and Citizen These terms have slight difference. National is a person who is citizen by birth.

But citizen could be a person who is either naturalized or born in the country. Thus we can say a national is a citizen born in a specific country but a citizen may not be a national. Citizenship can be obtained by two ways. Citizenship by Birth It is citizenship by nature. This type of citizenship can be acquired in the following ways.

Jus soli is citizenship by birth place. Almost all persons who were born within the territory of that state are granted citizenship of the country. But there are also special conditions to which the laws of the soil dose not apply.

Since diplomats have privileges and immunities from the host country. Immunities are two types: 5. Inviolability means diplomats, the embassy or legation quarters are inviolable. Extraterritoriality means diplomats and their properties are considered as they are not in the territory and under jurisdiction of the host country. The compound of the embassy is considered as the land of the sending state. It is citizenship by bloodline. A person granted citizenship if either of his parents is or both are citizens of a given country.

Citizenship by Naturalization Naturalization is a process of obtaining citizenship if the applicant person fulfills the political, legal and social which are set as prerequisites by the host country. It is granted upon the application of the individual.

Different countries set certain preconditions to grant citizenship through naturalization. But preconditions vary from country to country. Dual nationality is happened when a person or citizen has two or more citizenship at the same time.

Statelessness is a situation when a person doses not have any citizenship. Statelessness happens by two conditions: 2. This happens when individuals leave their country illegally. He is immigrated to foreign country due to political, social and economical reasons. The person is called refugee. This can be also happened when a particular territory is annexed by another state. In such cases the citizenship of the conquered people will be replaced by the citizenship of the subjugator.

Civic disposition includes all the behaviors and actions that are good, desirable and acceptable. Such behaviors and habits are expected from responsible citizens. Some of the elements of civic dispositions are the following: 1.

Civility is a polite way of acting or behaving towards others. It is the need to respect others. Civility includes respect and politeness to those with whom one may disagree. Civility requires you to respect the rights of those who are in dispute with you. Civility is a way of peaceful living and co-existence with others.

Self Discipline acting and behaving according to some acceptable standards without external controls and impositions. It is a commitment to give priority to the common good than to our private interest. It is unselfish behavior that enables us to do well and make sacrifice ourselves to the society and to our nation. Open mindedness refers to our willingness to listen to the ideas, views and arguments of others. It is the tolerance we show to carefully examine what others say or suggest. It is also our ability to express what we feel what is in our mind.

Compromise is one form of behavior that should be observed in settling conflicts peacefully. It involves the readiness and willingness to spare something on both sides of the conflict in favor of the peaceful resolution of the problem and its outcome.

Compromise requires giving up some of our positions or interests. However, compromise never allows abandoning basic principles and interests. As we would like to demand and enjoy our rights and benefits, we should also be ready to discharge the responsibilities that are expected from us. Tolerance is the ability and willingness to accommodate differences in ideas, viewpoints, views etc. Tolerance is the heart of peaceful co-existence in diversity. The first important step in tolerance is to accept diversity as it is an asset than a curse.

Tolerance involves recognizing, appreciating, and being patient with others views, ideas, languages, beliefs etc. Honesty is the behavior and attitude of not telling and not accepting lies. It is a habit of not cheating or stealing. Honesty is being free from corruption and dishonesty. Fighting crime means a citizen is obliged to detect and fight all forms of crimes.

Citizens are expected to report when crimes are committed to the concerned body. It is the individual that has the loyalty and devotion to the country. It is one of the most valuable responsibilities expected from competent and responsible citizens.

The following are some attributes of patriotism. It is about showing much effort to the implementation of the rights of citizens. In a democracy the sovereign authority resides in the people. Since democracy is self governance. The following are some examples of civic commitment: 1. Staying informed means updating oneself by reading different sources, listening radios and watching television. Paying taxes. Taxes are payments made by citizens for the smooth functioning of the government and for the provision of public services.

Participating in Public Affairs. This is to mean active participation in public affairs. Developing empathy refers to developing feeling or interests and concern about others problem. Ethics is a branch of philosophy that studies what constitutes right and wrong, good and evil. A central aspect of ethics is "the good life", the life worth living or life that is satisfying.

It is the analysis of concepts such as "ought" "right" and "wrong", "good" and "bad", duty, Ethics is an inquiry into nature of morality or moral acts. Ethics is the search for the morally good life.

Ethics denotes the theory of right actions and the greater good, while morals indicate their practice. Ethics is not limited to specific acts and defined moral codes, but encompasses the whole of moral ideals and behaviors, a person's philosophy of life. Morality refers to the conduct or rule of conduct by which people live, while ethics refers to the study of moral conduct or of the code that one follows; moral problems are specific while ethical problems are more general and theoretical.

Moral is the code of accepted behavior within a group. All Consequentialist theories of ethics share common feature, they all maintain that the rightness or wrongness of an action is determined by the consequences which follow from the act.

If good consequences follow, then the action is determined to be 'good'. If bad consequences follow, then the action is determined to be bad. Consequentialist normative principles require that we first tally both the good and bad consequences of an action. Second, we then determine whether the total good consequences outweigh the total bad consequences. If the good consequences are greater, then the action is morally proper.

If the bad consequences are greater, then the action is morally improper. Consequentialist theories are sometimes called teleological theories, from the Greek word telos, or end, since the end result of the action is the sole determining factor of its morality. Another way of looking at consequentialism is referred to as the ends justify the means.

Means refer always to existing conditions as they are while the end refers to how things ought to be. Deontological theories base morality on specific, foundational principles of These theories are sometimes called deontological, from the Greek word deon, or duty, in view of the foundational nature of our duty or obligation. They are also sometimes called non-consequentialists since these principles are obligatory, irrespective of the consequences that might follow from our actions.

A virtue is a trait valued as being good. The conceptual opposite of virtue is vice. In its widest sense virtue refers to excellence, just as vice, its contrary, denotes the absence of such. In its strictest meaning, however, as used by moral philosophers and theologians, virtue is an operative habit essentially good, as distinguished from vice, an operative habit essentially evil.

The four cardinal hinge virtues are: 1. Prudence is often associated with wisdom, insight, and knowledge. In this case, the virtue is the ability to judge between virtuous and vicious actions, not only in a general sense, but with regard to appropriate actions at a given time and place.

Although prudence itself does not perform any actions, and is concerned solely with knowledge, all virtues had to be regulated by it.

Conventionally, prudence is the exercise of sound judgment in practical affairs. Temperance is the practice of moderation.

For Aristotle it is called the golden mean. The golden mean is the desirable middle between two extremes, one of excess and the other of deficiency. Classically, temperance was defined as governing natural appetites for the pleasure of senses according to the bounds of reason.

No virtue could be sustained in the face of inability to control oneself, if the virtue was opposed to some desire. The virtues of abstinence, chastity, and modesty are considered sub-classes of the virtue of temperance, as it governs the practice of eating and drinking, practice of sexual intercourse, and the restraint of vanity.

Justice is a collective name which can be divided into two broad perspectives. Just behavior concerns for genuine respect and treatment which is to be regarded as fair and equal.

The Administration of Law; which proclaims legislation composed by a judge or magistrate of a Addis Ababa University CvEt Civics and Ethical Education 12 supreme court to a country or state, with objectives to protect the victims and pursue the perpetrators lawfully. Prosperity and distribution of wealth towards the common people, is the most important aspect of justice which greatly contributes to the wellbeing of society.

Topics falling within the discipline include medical ethics, legal ethics, environmental ethics, computer ethics, professional ethics, business ethics etc. Professional Ethics Professional Ethics concerns one's conduct of behavior and practice when carrying out professional work. Such work may include consulting, researching, teaching and writing.

The institutionalization of codes of conduct and codes of practice is common with many professional bodies for their members to observe. Professional ethics would help them establish certain rules and procedures. Any code may be considered to be a formalization of experience into a set of rules.

No two professional ethics are identical. This it to mean all professions do not have the same set of values and standards in absolute terms. But there are common standards that could be followed by all people irrespective of their professions, this is called work ethics. Work ethics helps professionals to have desirable relations with their fellow workers or with other people working in the same career in other places.

It also creates conducive environment for work. It refers being available in office working hours, arriving on time, submitting and doing assignments on time. Human history has witnessed the existence of some form of government. However, the state in its modern form did not emerge until about the fifteenth century.

Government has existed before the state, government has precedence. Government is part of the state and is probably the most important than the other elements. The government is an element with a much larger and powerful entity. The state is a community of persons, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, independent from external control and possessing an organized government to which the great body of inhabitants renders habitual obedience.

This definition has addressed the four essential elements of the state. The state is a sovereign political association operating in a defined territorial entity. Simply the state is also defined as a political entity that possesses population, government, sovereignty and territory. For Marx the state is politically organized society. Population People population are the basic requirement for the existence of the state.

Individuals are part of the political community; population refers to living in defined territory of the state. A state is a human institution created by people to serve some of their particular needs. With regard the size or number of people no limit how large the populations are going to be. The size of population varies from state to state. Hence in reality there are states with larger population above a billion and also with very small that is in thousands.

Territory The state has a vital territorial component, its authority being confined to a precise geographical area. The state is essentially territorial in character which is a defined territory. The territory refers to the land mass and its resources administered by the state. The territory refers to recognized limits.

The territory of the state requires a recognized boundary which is accepted by international agreements. Not all the boundaries, but most of its boundary must be defined and undisputed. Government The people living with in a territory must have some sort of administrative system to perform functions needed or desired by the people.

Without a political organization, there can be no state. The state exercises its sovereign authority by the government.

The state uses government to dictate and control the other elements. No state without government. Sovereignty Sovereignty means independence from any higher authority and legal equality among states. It implies the final authority of the state overall matters. The defining feature of the state is sovereignty. It is absolute and unrestricted power over its internal and external affairs. Independence is the central element of sovereignty. The state commands supreme power in that it stands above all other associations and groups in society.

Sovereignty has two dimensions external and internal. Internal Sovereignty is to mean there must not be any rival or parallel authority which can challenge its supreme power within the territory. Accordingly, everyone living within the state is subject to its authority. Its laws demand the compliance of all these who live within the territory. External Sovereignty refers to the independence of the state from foreign control and imposition on international issues.

The state is an independent and autonomous actor in the international system. It implies equality. No state has authority over other states. Each theory has its own justification. It is very difficult to point out any exact period of history when the state might be said to have come into existence. This theory assumes the state is the creation of God. The king is representative of God on earth. The King derives his authority from God; the king is not responsible to the people on earth.

This theory has been reinforced by the Divine Right of Kings. The King is considered as only accountable to God. Moreover, resistance to the king is sinful. The primitive society was marked by conflicts and wars between different classes and tribes. The victorious class or tribe established its authority over the defeated ones. The successful tribe extends its territory of a considerable size and then the state emerged. The state has come into existence through physical coercion or compulsion.

Simply believes the state as a result of war. This theory contributes a crucial task in modern political theory and practice. It starts with assumption that prior to the formation of the state, man lived in a state of nature. In the state of nature, there was no political authority to make and enforce laws. Rules regulating human conduct were in the form of the so called natural law.

Each man led life of his own and obeyed such rules of behavior as he thought fit to obey. However, the various exponents of this theory do not agree regarding the conditions of man in the state of nature. There is no way for any man to secure himself. In the state of war, such war is of every man against every man.

Every person is the enemy of every other. Accordingly, Hobbes explains life in the state of nature was being solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short. The reason for Hobbes is that human beings are power-seeking and selfish creatures. Hobbes forwards if human beings are not restrained by law they seek to advance their own interests at the expense of fellow human.

In the state of nature Hobbes perceives the strongest were never being strong enough to live in security and without fear. The weakest would unite against them before turning upon one another. He concludes without a government to restrain self impulses, order and stability would be impossible.

Hence he assumes by understanding the circumstances of the state of nature, rational individuals who seek to escape from chaos and disorder enter into agreement with one another that is the social contract.